Large numbers of research works related to fabricating organic-inorganic composite materials have been carried out to mimic the natural structure of bone. In this study, a new modified n-ACP doped with citrate (n-ACP-cit)/poly (amino acids) (PAA) composite (n-ACP-cit/PAA) was synthesized by employing high bioactive n-ACP-cit and the biodegradable and biocompatible PAA copolymer. Its basic structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the degradability, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity of n-ACP-cit/PAA composite were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, using simulated body fluid (SBF) solution soaking test, mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and differentiation, morphological observation test, expression of genes associated with osteogenesis, and bone defect model repair test, respectively. The modified n-ACP-cit/PAA composite exhibited a much higher weight loss rate (36.01 wt.%) than that of PAA (23.99 wt.%) after immersing in SBF solution for 16 weeks and the pH values of local environment restored to neutral condition. Moreover, cells co-culturing with composites exhibited higher alkaline phosphatase activity, more calcium nodule-formation, and higher expression levels of osteogenic differentiation-related genes (Bmp-2, Colla I, OCN, OPN, and Runx-2) than that of PAA. Furthermore, the bone defect model repair test revealed that the composite could be intimately incorporated with the surrounding bone without causing any deleterious reaction and capable of guiding new bone formation. Together, these results indicated that the new modified bone repair n-ACP-cit/PAA composite material with specific characteristics may be designed for meeting diverse requirements from biomedical applications.