Classification of Thyroid Nodules with Stacked Denoising Sparse Autoencoder

Zexin Li; Kaiji Yang; Lili Zhang; Chiju Wei; Peixuan Yang; Wencan Xu

doi:10.1155/2020/9015713

Classification of Thyroid Nodules with Stacked Denoising Sparse Autoencoder

Int J Endocrinol. 2020 Dec 7:2020:9015713. doi: 10.1155/2020/9015713. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Zexin Li¹, Kaiji Yang², Lili Zhang¹, Chiju Wei³, Peixuan Yang¹, Wencan Xu⁴

Affiliations

¹ Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China.
² Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China.
³ Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, No. 243, Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China.
⁴ Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China.

Abstract

Purpose: Several commercial tests have been used for the classification of indeterminate thyroid nodules in cytology. However, the geographic inconvenience and high cost confine their widespread use. This study aims to develop a classifier for conveniently clinical utility.

Methods: Gene expression data of thyroid nodule tissues were collected from three public databases. Immune-related genes were used to construct the classifier with stacked denoising sparse autoencoder.

Results: The classifier performed well in discriminating malignant and benign thyroid nodules, with an area under the curve of 0.785 [0.638-0.931], accuracy of 92.9% [92.7-93.0%], sensitivity of 98.6% [95.9-101.3%], specificity of 58.3% [30.4-86.2%], positive likelihood ratio of 2.367 [1.211-4.625], and negative likelihood ratio of 0.024 [0.003-0.177]. In the cancer prevalence range of 20-40% for indeterminate thyroid nodules in cytology, the range of negative predictive value of this classifier was 37-61%, and the range of positive predictive value was 98-99%.

Conclusion: The classifier developed in this study has the superb discriminative ability for thyroid nodules. However, it needs validation in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules before clinical use.