This work is strategically premeditated to study the potential of a herbal medicinal product as a natural bioactive ingredient to generate nanocellulose-based antibacterial architectures. In situ fibrillation of purified cellulose was done in cinnamon extract (ciE) to obtain microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). To this MFC suspension, carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) were homogeneously mixed and the viscous gel thus obtained was freeze-dried to obtain lightweight and flexible composite aerogel architectures impregnated with ciE, namely, ciMFC/cCNCs. At an optimal concentration of 0.3 wt % cCNCs (i.e., for ciMFC/cCNCs_0.3), an improvement of around 106% in compressive strength and 175% increment in modulus were achieved as compared to pristine MFC architecture. The efficient loading and interaction of ciE components, specifically cinnamaldehyde, with MFC and cCNCs resulted in developing competent antibacterial surfaces with dense and uniform microstructures. Excellent and long-term antimicrobial activity of the optimized architectures (ciMFC/cCNCs_0.3) was confirmed through various antibacterial assays like the zone inhibition method, bacterial growth observation at OD600, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, here 1 mg/mL), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC, here 3-5 mg/mL), and Live/Dead BacLight viability tests. The changes in the bacterial morphology with a disrupted membrane were further confirmed through various imaging techniques like confocal laser scanning microscopy, FESEM, AFM, and 3D digital microscopy. The dry composite architecture showed the persuasive capability of suppressing the growth of airborne bacteria, which in combination with antibacterial efficiency in the wet state is considered as an imperative aspect for a material to act as the novel biomaterial. Furthermore, these architectures demonstrated excellent antibacterial performance under real "in use" contamination prone conditions. Hence, this work provides avenues for the application of crude natural extracts in developing novel forms of advanced functional biomaterials that can be used for assorted biological/healthcare applications such as wound care and antimicrobial filtering units.
Keywords: antibacterial architectures; cinnamaldehyde; cinnamon extract (ciE); nanocellulose.