Peer learning and collaborative placement models in health care: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the literature

Abstract

Aims: To summarise the international empirical literature to provide a comprehensive overview of peer learning and collaborative practice placement models in health care and to synthesise their benefits and challenges.

Background: Practical placements for students are in high demand due to the need for an increased nursing, midwifery and health professional workforce, thus collaborative placement models are an attractive solution to potentially increase placement capacity and enhance the student learning experience.

Design: A systematic search of the literature and qualitative data synthesis using the PRISMA checklist and ENTREQ guidelines.

Review methods: MEDLINE and CINAHL searched in March 2020. Quality appraisal of studies conducted. Collaborative models and empirical findings summarised. Reported benefits, challenges and implementation recommendations synthesised. Two tables developed for data representation.

Results: 172 studies were identified by the search strategy. Of these, 47 articles were included for appraisal and synthesis. 30 articles employed qualitative, seven quantitative and ten mixed-methods approaches. Research took place in eight countries. The majority of studies employed focus groups, interviews as well as questionnaire design. The total participant sample was 3462 consisting of students and educators.

Conclusions: This review confirmed that any peer learning is beneficial in supporting students' confidence and team working skills. It is especially helpful when pairing first year with third-year students. The latter can demonstrate their clinical skills and prepare for working in practice. Simultaneously, expert-led learning is important for role modelling and for the recognition of acquired skills. Evidence on the optimal placement experience is inconclusive; however, it can be concluded that any form of collaborative placement model requires careful planning and continuous preparation for staff and students.

Relevance to clinical practice: Decision makers should consider implementing at least some form of peer learning to assist students with peer support, and ideally work towards a collaborative learning environment.

Keywords: 2:1 models; collaborative learning; collaborative practice placement models; health care work placements; peer learning; peer-assisted learning; practice learning models; practice placements; student experiences.