Risk of Incident Hypertension According to Physical Activity and Temporal Changes in Weight

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) and maintenance of a normal weight contribute to the prevention of hypertension but not always concurrently. Our aim was to investigate whether maintaining PA, regardless of weight change, is associated with a reduced risk of developing hypertension.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 195,045 Koreans (mean age, 37.7 years; standard deviation, 7.1 years) who participated in an occupational health screening program from January 2011 to December 2016. PA levels were measured using the validated Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, and participants were classified into 3 categories as inactive, active, and health-enhancing physically active (HEPA). Weight was tracked, and participants were divided into 2 categories: those whose weight change >0 and those whose weight change ≤0.

Results: During 616,326.5 person-years, 12,206 participants developed hypertension (19.8 per 1,000 person-years). A higher PA level and greater reduction in body mass index were associated with lower risk for incident hypertension. Hazard ratio (HR) for incident hypertension was lower (0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.88) in subjects with active/HEPA at baseline and decreased weight than in those in the inactive and increased weight groups after adjustment for confounding factors. Even in the increased weight group, HR for incident hypertension was 0.85 (0.81-0.90) in subjects whose PA was consistently maintained at active or HEPA levels during follow-up.

Conclusions: In this large cohort of young and middle-aged Koreans, maintaining active or HEPA PA levels was associated with reduced risk of developing hypertension regardless of weight change.

Keywords: blood pressure; hypertension; physical activity; weight change; young adult.