The application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and biomaterials in skeletal muscle regeneration

Abstract

Skeletal muscle injuries have bothered doctors and caused great burdens to the public medical insurance system for a long time. Once injured, skeletal muscles usually go through the processes of inflammation, repairing and remodeling. If repairing and remodeling stages are out of balance, scars will be formed to replace injured skeletal muscles. At present, clinicians usually use conventional methods to restore the injured skeletal muscles, such as flap transplantation. However, flap transplantation sometimes needs to sacrifice healthy autologous tissues and will bring extra harm to patients. In recent years, stem cells-based tissue engineering provides us new treatment ideas for skeletal muscle injuries. Stem cells are cells with multiple differentiation potential and have ability to differentiate into adult cells under special condition. Skeletal muscle tissues also have stem cells, called satellite cells, but they are in small amount and new muscle fibers that derived from them may not be enough to replace injured fibers. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration and activate the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells. Biomaterial is another important factor to promote tissue regeneration and greatly enhance physiological activities of stem cells in vivo. The combined use of stem cells and biomaterials will gradually become a mainstream to restore injured skeletal muscles in the future. This review article mainly focuses on the review of research about the application of BM-MSCs and several major biomaterials in skeletal muscle regeneration over the past decades.

Keywords: 3D-ECM, three dimensional extracellular matrix; ASCs, adipose stem cells; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; BM-MSCs; BM-MSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; Biomaterial; CREB, cAMP- response element binding protein; DPSCs, dental pulp stem cells; Differentiation; ECM, extracellular matrix; ECs, endothelial cells; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor; GPT, gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol)- tyramine; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IL, interleukin; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; MRF, myogenic muscle factor; NSAIDs, non-steroidal drugs; PDGF-BB, platelet derived growth factor-BB; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PRP, platelet rich plasma; S1P, sphingosine 1-phosphate; SDF-1, stromal cell derived factor-1; Skeletal muscle injury; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; Tissue regeneration; TrkB, tyrosine kinaseB; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VML, volumetric muscle loss.