SARS CoV-2 Organotropism Associated Pathogenic Relationship of Gut-Brain Axis and Illness

Pottathil Shinu; Mohamed A Morsy; Pran Kishore Deb; Anroop B Nair; Manoj Goyal; Jigar Shah; Sabna Kotta

doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.606779

SARS CoV-2 Organotropism Associated Pathogenic Relationship of Gut-Brain Axis and Illness

Front Mol Biosci. 2020 Dec 22:7:606779. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.606779. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Pottathil Shinu¹, Mohamed A Morsy^{2

3}, Pran Kishore Deb⁴, Anroop B Nair², Manoj Goyal⁵, Jigar Shah⁶, Sabna Kotta⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.
⁵ Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
⁷ Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

COVID-19 has resulted in a pandemic after its first appearance in a pneumonia patient in China in early December 2019. As per WHO, this global outbreak of novel COVID-19 has resulted in 28,329,790 laboratory-confirmed cases and 911,877 deaths which have been reported from 210 countries as on 12^th Sep 2020. The major symptoms at the beginning of COVID-19 are fever (98%), tussis (76%), sore throat (17%), rhinorrhea (2%), chest pain (2%), and myalgia or fatigue (44%). Furthermore, acute respiratory distress syndrome (61.1%), cardiac dysrhythmia (44.4%), shock (30.6%), hemoptysis (5%), stroke (5%), acute cardiac injury (12%), acute kidney injury (36.6%), dermatological symptoms with maculopapular exanthema (36.1%), and death can occur in severe cases. Even though human coronavirus (CoV) is mainly responsible for the infections of the respiratory tract, some studies have shown CoV (in case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS) to possess potential to spread to extra-pulmonary organs including the nervous system as well as gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Patients infected with COVID-19 have also shown symptoms associated with neurological and enteric infection like disorders related to smell/taste, loss of appetite, nausea, emesis, diarrhea, and pain in the abdomen. In the present review, we attempt to evaluate the understanding of basic mechanisms involved in clinical manifestations of COVID-19, mainly focusing on interaction of COVID-19 with gut-brain axis. This review combines both biological characteristics of the virus and its clinical manifestations in order to comprehend an insight into the fundamental potential mechanisms of COVID-19 virus infection, and thus endorse in the advancement of prophylactic and treatment strategies.

Keywords: ACE2 receptor; COVID-19 infection; SARS-CoV-2; cytokine storm; dysbiosis; gut-brain axis; microbiota.

Publication types

Review