Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020 Dec 31;71(4):266-284. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459.

Abstract

Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.

Fosfilacijom esencijalnog enzima acetilkolinesteraze (AChE) živčanim bojnim otrovom, enzim postaje ireverzibilno inhibiran, što dovodi do nakupljanja neurotransmitera acetilkolina i kolinergičke krize zbog prekomjerne stimulacije muskarinskih i nikotinskih membranskih receptora u središnjem i perifernom živčanom sustavu. U teškim slučajevima desenzibilizacija receptora rezultira hipoksijom, nesvjesticom i zastojem disanja, nakon čega slijedi smrt. Stoga je brzo djelovanje presudno za preživljavanje osobe izložene živčanom bojnom otrovu. Standardna terapija u slučaju otrovanja uključuje antikolinergik atropin i oksimski reaktivator fosfilirane AChE. Kako bi se očuvala aktivnost nativne AChE u slučaju izloženosti živčanom bojnom otrovu, istražuju se i drugačiji pristupi terapiji, kao što su spojevi koji kratkotrajno i reverzibilno inhibiraju AChE te egzogeni enzimi koji djeluju kao biološka čistila živčanih bojnih otrova. U ovom preglednom radu cilj nam je predstaviti trenutačne i potencijalne pristupe u terapiji i detoksikaciji živčanih bojnih otrova.

Keywords: Novichoks; VX; bioscavenger; cholinesterases; cyclosarin; organophosphate; sarin; tabun.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Chemical Warfare Agents* / poisoning
  • Chemical Warfare*
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Cholinesterase Reactivators*
  • Humans
  • Nerve Agents*
  • Organophosphate Poisoning* / drug therapy
  • Oximes

Substances

  • Chemical Warfare Agents
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Cholinesterase Reactivators
  • Nerve Agents
  • Oximes
  • Acetylcholinesterase