A case of primary ependymoma of the mediastinum is reported. The tumor was adherent to the lung and metastasized to adjacent mediastinal lymph nodes. An autopsy showed no evidence of tumor in the central nervous system. The diagnosis of ependymoma was confirmed by the immunohistochemical positivity for glialfibrillary acidic protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported example of an ependymoma in this location.