Importance sampling is used to approximate Bayes' rule in many computational approaches to Bayesian inverse problems, data assimilation and machine learning. This paper reviews and further investigates the required sample size for importance sampling in terms of the χ2-divergence between target and proposal. We illustrate through examples the roles that dimension, noise-level and other model parameters play in approximating the Bayesian update with importance sampling. Our examples also facilitate a new direct comparison of standard and optimal proposals for particle filtering.
Keywords: Bayesian update; importance sampling; particle filtering; sample size; singular limits.