The gammaproteobacterium Achromatium forms intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate and not (crystalline) calcite

Abstract

Achromatium is a long known uncultured giant gammaproteobacterium forming intracellular CaCO₃ that impacts C and S geochemical cycles functioning in some anoxic sediments and at oxic-anoxic boundaries. While intracellular CaCO₃ granules have first been described as Ca oxalate then colloidal CaCO₃ more than one century ago, they have often been referred to as crystalline solids and more specifically calcite over the last 25 years. Such a crystallographic distinction is important since the respective chemical reactivities of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcite, hence their potential physiological role and conditions of formation, are significantly different. Here, we analyzed the intracellular CaCO₃ granules of Achromatium cells from Lake Pavin using a combination of Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Granules in intact Achromatium cells were unequivocally composed of ACC. Moreover, ACC spontaneously transformed into calcite when irradiated at high laser irradiance during Raman analyses. Few ACC granules also transformed spontaneously into calcite in lysed cells upon cell death and/or sample preparation. Overall, the present study supports the original claims that intracellular Ca-carbonates in Achromatium are amorphous and not crystalline. In that sense, Achromatium is similar to a diverse group of Cyanobacteria and a recently discovered magnetotactic alphaproteobacterium, which all form intracellular ACC. The implications for the physiology and ecology of Achromatium are discussed. Whether the mechanisms responsible for the preservation of such unstable compounds in these bacteria are similar to those involved in numerous ACC-forming eukaryotes remains to be discovered. Last, we recommend to future studies addressing the crystallinity of CaCO₃ granules in Achromatium cells recovered from diverse environments all over the world to take care of the potential pitfalls evidenced by the present study.

Keywords: ACC; Raman; intracellular biomineralization; micromanipulation.