Reconceptualising treatment-resistant depression as difficult-to-treat depression

Affiliations

• ¹ Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Electronic address: hamish.mcallister-williams@newcastle.ac.uk.
• ² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
• ³ Royal Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
• ⁴ University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
• ⁵ Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
• ⁶ La Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Hopital Sainte-Anne (GHU Paris et Neurosciences), Paris-Descartes University, INSERM U1266, Paris, France.
• ⁷ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
• ⁸ Faculty of the University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
• ⁹ Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
• ¹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Academic Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
• ¹¹ University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹² Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
• ¹³ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
• ¹⁴ Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bridgwater, UK.
• ¹⁵ Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Midland, TX, USA; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.