The role of olfaction and sex-hormone status in empathy-related measures

Dali Gamsakhurdashvili; Martin I Antov; Katrin T Lübke; Bettina M Pause; Ursula Stockhorst

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113289

The role of olfaction and sex-hormone status in empathy-related measures

Physiol Behav. 2021 Mar 1:230:113289. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113289. Epub 2020 Dec 13.

Authors

Dali Gamsakhurdashvili¹, Martin I Antov², Katrin T Lübke³, Bettina M Pause⁴, Ursula Stockhorst⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Psychology, Experimental Psychology II and Biological Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Seminarstrasse 20, D-49074 Osnabrück, Germany. Electronic address: dgamsakhurda@uni-osnabrueck.de.
² Institute of Psychology, Experimental Psychology II and Biological Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Seminarstrasse 20, D-49074 Osnabrück, Germany. Electronic address: mantov@uni-osnabrueck.de.
³ Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: katrin.luebke@uni-duesseldorf.de.
⁴ Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: bettina.pause@uni-duesseldorf.de.
⁵ Institute of Psychology, Experimental Psychology II and Biological Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Seminarstrasse 20, D-49074 Osnabrück, Germany. Electronic address: ursula.stockhorst@uni-osnabrueck.de.

PMID: 33321141
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113289

Abstract

Reports of a female advantage in empathy-related measures suggest a role for sex hormones, although the data are inconsistent. Studies also report similar sex differences in human olfactory perception. In rodents, olfaction is involved in detecting and integrating socially relevant information and is modulated by the brain actions of estrogens. We hypothesized that olfaction may untangle the mixed evidence on the relationship between sex hormones and empathy-related measures (cognitive and affective) in humans. To test this, we examined 60 healthy participants in three sex-hormone-status groups: free-cycling women tested in cycle phases with higher 17-β estradiol and progesterone, oral-contraceptive users (low estradiol and progesterone), and men. We assessed empathy-related measures, facial mimicry (from zygomaticus and corrugator muscle activity), and odor discrimination ability. In the empathy-related measures and facial mimicry, we did not find overall group effects or meaningful associations with salivary levels of estradiol, progesterone, or testosterone. Free-cycling women only outperformed men in the recognition of emotions from pictures of the eye region, but sex hormones were unrelated to emotion recognition performance. Oral contraceptive users showed higher scores in the affective empathy-related measure when viewing negative emotions, with no relation to hormone levels. Free-cycling women exhibited the strongest facial mimicry (viewing female, but not male protagonists), positively associated with progesterone. Finally, the groups differed in odor discrimination, with free-cycling women outperforming men. However, odor discrimination ability and empathy-related performance were not correlated. Our results support a role of sex hormones in odor perception and in empathy-related measures, to a certain extent. However, no common underlying mechanism was found.

Keywords: Affective empathy; Cognitive empathy; Estradiol; Olfaction; Oral contraceptives; Testosterone.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Empathy*
Estradiol
Female
Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Humans
Male
Progesterone
Smell*

Substances

Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Progesterone
Estradiol