The Role of Metal Substitution in Tuning Anion Redox in Sodium Metal Layered Oxides Revealed by X-Ray Spectroscopy and Theory

Abstract

We investigate high-valent oxygen redox in the positive Na-ion electrode P2-Na_0.67-x [Fe_0.5 Mn_0.5 ]O₂ (NMF) where Fe is partially substituted with Cu (P2-Na_0.67-x [Mn_0.66 Fe_0.20 Cu_0.14 ]O₂ , NMFC) or Ni (P2-Na_0.67-x [Mn_0.65 Fe_0.20 Ni_0.15 ]O₂ , NMFN). From combined analysis of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray near-edge structure with electrochemical voltage hysteresis and X-ray pair distribution function profiles, we correlate structural disorder with high-valent oxygen redox and its improvement by Ni or Cu substitution. Density of states calculations elaborate considerable anionic redox in NMF and NMFC without the widely accepted requirement of an A-O-A' local configuration in the pristine materials (where A=Na and A'=Li, Mg, vacancy, etc.). We also show that the Jahn-Teller nature of Fe⁴⁺ and the stabilization mechanism of anionic redox could determine the extent of structural disorder in the materials. These findings shed light on the design principles in TM and anion redox for positive electrodes to improve the performance of Na-ion batteries.

Keywords: anion redox; ligand metal charge transfer; nonbonding O 2p state; sodium ion batteries; structure-redox coupling.