Background: To assess the agreement of continuous measurements between a number of observers, Jones et al. introduced limits of agreement with the mean (LOAM) for multiple observers, representing how much an individual observer can deviate from the mean measurement of all observers. Besides the graphical visualisation of LOAM, suggested by Jones et al., it is desirable to supply LOAM with confidence intervals and to extend the method to the case of multiple measurements per observer.
Methods: We reformulate LOAM under the assumption the measurements follow an additive two-way random effects model. Assuming this model, we provide estimates and confidence intervals for the proposed LOAM. Further, this approach is easily extended to the case of multiple measurements per observer.
Results: The proposed method is applied on two data sets to illustrate its use. Specifically, we consider agreement between measurements regarding tumour size and aortic diameter. For the latter study, three measurement methods are considered.
Conclusions: The proposed LOAM and the associated confidence intervals are useful for assessing agreement between continuous measurements.
Keywords: Accuracy; Confidence intervals; Continuous measurements; Limits of agreement with the mean.