A multi-residue method for determining twenty-four endocrine disrupting chemicals in vegetables and fruits using ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction

Lamia Hejji; Abdelmonaim Azzouz; Laura Palacios Colón; Badredine Souhail; Evaristo Ballesteros

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128158

A multi-residue method for determining twenty-four endocrine disrupting chemicals in vegetables and fruits using ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction

Chemosphere. 2021 Jan:263:128158. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128158. Epub 2020 Aug 28.

Authors

Lamia Hejji¹, Abdelmonaim Azzouz¹, Laura Palacios Colón², Badredine Souhail³, Evaristo Ballesteros⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S. of Linares, University of Jaén, E-23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco.
² Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S. of Linares, University of Jaén, E-23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain.
³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco.
⁴ Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S. of Linares, University of Jaén, E-23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain. Electronic address: eballes@ujaen.es.

PMID: 33297136
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128158

Abstract

In this work, we developed an analytical approach using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by continuous solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection in order to determine simultaneously 24 endocrine disrupting chemicals such as alkylphenols, organophosphorus pesticides, parabens, phenylphenols, triclosan and bisphenol A in vegetable and fruit samples. Different variables influencing UAE and SPE performance were optimized in order to maximize removal of the sample matrix and preconcentration of the analytes. The optimized extraction and GC-MS quantitation conditions provided acceptable sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and precision. Limits of detection spanned the range 0.6-25 ng kg^-1, recoveries were near-quantitative and relative standard deviations ranged from 4.5 to 7.6%. The proposed method was used to analyse 11 vegetable samples and 7 fruit samples purchased at various Spanish and Moroccan supermarkets. Most samples contained more than three of the analytes, at levels between 5.8 and 580 ng kg^-1.

Keywords: Continuous SPE; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; GC–MS; Ultrasound-assisted extraction; Vegetables and fruits.

MeSH terms

Endocrine Disruptors* / analysis
Fruit / chemistry
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Limit of Detection
Solid Phase Extraction
Vegetables

Substances

Endocrine Disruptors