In Vivo Characterization of the Toxicological Properties of DPhP, One of the Main Degradation Products of Aryl Phosphate Esters

Abstract

Background: Aryl phosphate esters (APEs) are widely used and commonly present in the environment. Health hazards associated with these compounds remain largely unknown and the effects of diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), one of their most frequent derivatives, are poorly characterized.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate whether DPhP per se may represent a more relevant marker of exposure to APEs than direct assessment of their concentration and determine its potential deleterious biological effects in chronically exposed mice.

Methods: Conventional animals (FVB mice) were acutely or chronically exposed to relevant doses of DPhP or to triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), one of its main precursors. Both molecules were measured in blood and other tissues by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Effects of chronic DPhP exposure were addressed through liver multi-omics analysis to determine the corresponding metabolic profile. Deep statistical exploration was performed to extract correlated information, guiding further physiological analyses.

Results: Multi-omics analysis confirmed the existence of biological effects of DPhP, even at a very low dose of $0.1\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{mL}$ in drinking water. Chemical structural homology and pathway mapping demonstrated a clear reduction of the fatty acid catabolic processes centered on acylcarnitine and mitochondrial $\beta \text{-oxidation}$ in mice exposed to DPhP in comparison with those treated with vehicle. An interesting finding was that in mice exposed to DPhP, mRNA, expression of genes involved in lipid catabolic processes and regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ($\text{PPAR}\alpha$) was lower than that in vehicle-treated mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a specific down-regulation of HMGCS2, a kernel target gene of $\text{PPAR}\alpha$. Overall, DPhP absorption disrupted body weight-gain processes.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that in mice, the effects of chronic exposure to DPhP, even at a low dose, are not negligible. Fatty acid metabolism in the liver is essential for controlling fast and feast periods, with adverse consequences on the overall physiology. Therefore, the impact of DPhP on circulating fat, cardiovascular pathologies and metabolic disease incidence deserves, in light of our results, further investigations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6826.