Quantification and characterization of the 5' exonuclease activity of the lysosomal nuclease PLD3 by a novel cell-based assay

Abstract

Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and phospholipase D4 (PLD4), the most recently described lysosomal nucleases, are associated with Alzheimer's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, and systemic lupus erythematosus. They exhibit 5' exonuclease activity on single-stranded DNA, hydrolyzing it at the acidic pH associated with the lysosome. However, their full cellular function is inadequately understood. To examine these enzymes, we developed a robust and automatable cell-based assay based on fluorophore- and fluorescence-quencher-coupled oligonucleotides for the quantitative determination of acidic 5' exonuclease activity. We validated the assay under knockout and PLD-overexpression conditions and then applied it to characterize PLD3 and PLD4 biochemically. Our experiments revealed PLD3 as the principal acid 5' exonuclease in HeLa cells, where it showed a markedly higher specific activity compared with PLD4. We further used our newly developed assay to determine the substrate specificity and inhibitory profile of PLD3 and found that proteolytic processing of PLD3 is dispensable for its hydrolytic activity. We followed the expression, proteolytic processing, and intracellular distribution of genetic PLD3 variants previously associated with Alzheimer's disease and investigated each variant's effect on the 5' nuclease activity of PLD3, finding that some variants lead to reduced activity, but others not. The development of a PLD3/4-specific biochemical assay will be instrumental in understanding better both nucleases and their incompletely understood roles in vitro and in vivo.

Keywords: 5′ exonuclease; PLD3; PLD4; fluorescence-quenched oligonucleotide; lysosomal glycoprotein; nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism; substrate specificity; toll-like receptor (TLR).