Selective androgen receptor (AR) modulators (SARMs) are potent anabolic agents with a high potential of misuse in horseracing and equestrian sports. In this study, we applied label-free proteomics to discover plasma protein biomarkers in geldings (castrated horses) after administration with a popular SARM named RAD140. Tryptic peptides were prepared from plasma samples and analyzed by nano-flow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nano-UHPLC-HRMS/MS) using data-independent acquisition (DIA) method. Orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) has led to the development of a predictive model that could discriminate RAD140-administered samples from control samples and could also correctly classify 18 out of 19 in-training horses as control samples. The model comprises 75 proteins with variable importance in projection (VIP) score above 1. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and literature review have identified upregulation of AR-regulated clusterin, and proteins associated with inflammation (haptoglobin, cluster of differentiation 14 [CD14], and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 [ITIH4]) and erythropoiesis (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 [GPLD1]) after RAD140 administration. Their changes were confirmed by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) experiments. Similar effects have been reported by the use of androgens and other SARMs. This is the first reported study that describes the use of a proteomic biomarker approach to detect horses that have been administered with RAD140 by applying label-free proteomic profiling of plasma samples. These results support the concept of a biomarker-driven approach to enhance the doping control of RAD140 and potentially other SARMs in the future.
Keywords: RAD140; SARM; biomarkers; horses; proteomics.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.