Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire

Nabi Nazari; Mark D Griffiths

doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01205-1

Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire

Curr Psychol. 2022;41(8):5758-5770. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01205-1. Epub 2020 Nov 26.

Authors

Nabi Nazari¹, Mark D Griffiths²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
² International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Emotions play a central role in scientific models of decision-making, human development, interpersonal processes, psychopathology, and well-being. The Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale that assesses the dimensions of individual's emotional styles. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of the Persian ESQ. The original version of the ESQ was translated and back-translated into Persian, followed by a pilot study. A sample of university students and staff participated in a survey (n = 822) which included the ESQ, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results showed that the Persian ESQ had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.84; Composite reliability = 0.89) and adequate test-retest reliability after four weeks (intraclass coefficient, r = .71 with 95% CI [.63, .77]). The confirmatory factor analysis model fitted the data well (χ²/df = 2.86, CFI = .970, SRMR = .046, PCLOSE = .85 > .05, RMSEA = .048, 90% CI [.043, .053]). Also, measurement invariance indicated the ESQ had acceptable construct validity among different groups. As for criterion-related validity, the ESQ positively correlated with scores on the WHOQOL-BREF (r = .76) and PANAS-positive affect (r = .62), and negatively correlated with the scores on the OASIS (r = -.68), DERS (r = -.39), and PANAS-negative affect (r = -72). The findings provide evidence that the ESQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing healthy emotionality among Persian speaking individuals. The Persian ESQ can be used in psychological intervention and clinical research in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-020-01205-1.

Keywords: Affective neuroscience; Emotion; Quality of life; Validation; Well-being.