Currently, the genus Polypedates comprises 26 species distributed in South, Southeast, and East Asia. Because of their relatively low dispersal capability and intolerance to seawater, this genus is ideal for the study of terrestrial range evolution that extends into the island archipelagos of southeastern Asia. In this study, based on data compiled for Polypedatesfrom previous studies and partial mitochondrial and nuclear genes collected in this study, we performed systematic biogeographical analysis. We confirmed a Sundaland origin for the extant genus and showed northward dispersal into mainland Southeast Asia and Asia, which coincided with the timing of paleoclimatic change from the Oligocene to Middle Miocene. Climate fluctuations had a profound impact on species diversification within the genus Polypedates. Furthermore, the Red River did not mediate species exchange between Southeast Asia and mainland Asia until the end of the Miocene, with the sudden onset of northward dispersal in several clades independently at that time. Alternatively, the lineage of widespread insular P. leucomystaxstrongly supports the hypothesis of terrestrial connection between island archipelagos of Southeast Asia during the Mid-Pleistocene paleoclimate fluctuations. Our biogeographical analysis also supports the recent introduction of P. leucomystax to the Philippines and Ryukyus, as previously suggested.
泛树蛙属共包含26个物种，广泛分布于南亚，东南亚和东亚地区。泛树蛙属物种对海水不耐受且扩散能力较弱，是研究东南亚地区群岛间分布区域演化的理想材料。该研究选取了3个线粒体片段(12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, tRNAVal)以及3个核基因片段 (POMC, TRY, RHOD)，对泛树蛙属物种进行分歧时间估算以及祖先区域重塑分析。研究结果表明，泛树蛙属于渐新世末期起源于巽他群岛地区，于中新世中期通过克拉地峡扩散至东南亚大陆，随后于中新世晚期开始通过红河断裂带扩散至东亚地区南部，在此期间全球气候变化促进了泛树蛙属物种的多样化。另外， P. leucomystax岛屿间的扩散模式验证了更新世时期东南亚各岛屿通过陆地相连的假说，并支持分布于菲律宾和日本的 P. leucomystax物种可能源于人类活动导致的物种扩散。该研究描述了泛树蛙属物种的地理分布范围演化，为结合地质气候变化和物种扩散模式进行生物地理演化历程研究提供了参考。.
Keywords: Biogeography; Paleoclimate; Phylogeny; Polypedates; Southeast Asia.