Efficacy and safety of pharmacological cachexia interventions: systematic review and network meta-analysis

BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2021 Mar;11(1):75-85. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002601. Epub 2020 Nov 27.

Abstract

Aims: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated benefits of pharmacological interventions for cachexia in improving weight and appetite. However, comparative efficacy and safety are not available. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for cachexia.

Methods: PubMed, EmBase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for RCTs until October 2019. Key outcomes were total body weight (TBW) improvement, appetite (APP) score and serious adverse events. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. NMA was performed to estimate weight gain and APP score increase at 8 weeks, presented as mean difference (MD) or standardised MD with 95% CI.

Results: 80 RCTs (10 579 patients) with 12 treatments were included. Majority is patients with cancer (7220). Compared with placebo, corticosteroids, high-dose megestrol acetate combination (Megace_H_Com) (≥400 mg/day), medroxyprogesterone, high-dose megestrol acetate (Megace_H) (≥400 mg/day), ghrelin mimetic and androgen analogues (Androgen) were significantly associated with MD of TBW of 6.45 (95% CI 2.45 to 10.45), 4.29 (95% CI 2.23 to 6.35), 3.18 (95% CI 0.94 to 5.41), 2.66 (95% CI 1.47 to 3.85), 1.73 (95% CI 0.27 to 3.20) and 1.50 (95% CI 0.56 to 2.44) kg. For appetite improvement, Megace_H_Com, Megace_H and Androgen significantly improved standardised APP score, compared with placebo. There is no significant difference in serious adverse events from all interventions compared with placebo.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that several pharmacological interventions have potential to offer benefits in treatment of cachexia especially Megace_H and short-term use corticosteroids. Nonetheless, high-quality comparative studies to compare safety and efficacy are warranted for better management of cachexia.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; anorexia; cachexia; cancer.

Publication types

  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Review

MeSH terms

  • Adrenal Cortex Hormones / administration & dosage*
  • Androgens / administration & dosage
  • Appetite / drug effects
  • Appetite Stimulants / administration & dosage*
  • Cachexia / drug therapy*
  • Cachexia / etiology
  • Comparative Effectiveness Research
  • Drug Therapy, Combination
  • Gastrointestinal Agents / administration & dosage*
  • Ghrelin / administration & dosage
  • Humans
  • Medroxyprogesterone / administration & dosage
  • Megestrol Acetate / administration & dosage*
  • Minimal Clinically Important Difference
  • Neoplasms / complications
  • Network Meta-Analysis
  • Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
  • Terminal Care / methods
  • Weight Gain / drug effects

Substances

  • Adrenal Cortex Hormones
  • Androgens
  • Appetite Stimulants
  • Gastrointestinal Agents
  • Ghrelin
  • Medroxyprogesterone
  • Megestrol Acetate