A Secondary Injury of the Anterolateral Structure Plays a Minor Role in Anterior and Anterolateral Instability of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees in the Case of Functional Iliotibial Band

Abstract

Purpose: To analyze the contribution of a secondary anterolateral structure (ALS) deficiency to knee instability based on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency, in the condition of a functional iliotibial band (ITB).

Methods: Nine freshly-frozen cadaveric knees were sectioned sequentially to create ACL deficiency and ACL-ALS deficiency, using intact knees before sectioning as controls. When ITB was tensioned with 30 N, 4 separate aspects of knee instability were tested as follows: anterior translation in 90 N anterior load, isolated internal rotation in 5 N·m internal rotational torque from 0° to 90° in 15° increments, and anterolateral translation and internal rotation during a simulated pivot-shift test at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. The contribution of ACL deficiency alone and additional ALS deficiency to knee instability were evaluated.

Results: The addition of an ALS lesion produced no significant exacerbation of either anterior translational or pivot shift instability in ACL-deficient knees. Additional ALS deficiency in an ACL-deficient knee resulted in a significant increase in isolated internal rotation from 45° to 90° (P = .001 at 45° and P < .001 in other cases). After sequentially sectioning, the contribution to instability of additional ALS deficiency to the entire instability in ACL-ALS-deficient knees was significantly smaller than that of ACL deficiency alone during anterior load and pivot-shift test (P < .001 in all cases), but significantly contributed more to isolated internal rotational instability at 60° (P = .011) and 90° (P = .015).

Conclusions: When ITB was tensioned, ALS played a minor role in controlling both anterior or pivot shift stability in ACL-deficient knees but a major role in restraining isolated internal rotation from 45° to 90°.

Clinical relevance: In the condition of functional ITB, concomitant ALS injury might not exacerbate anterior and pivot-shift instability after ACL rupture, while affecting isolated internal rotation stability at higher flexion.