Sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis PCC 7806 depends on nutrient availability

Abstract

Application of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a relatively new and promising method to selectively suppress harmful cyanobacterial blooms, while minimizing effects on eukaryotic organisms. However, it is still unknown how nutrient limitation affects the sensitivity of cyanobacteria to H₂O₂. In this study, we compare effects of H₂O₂ on the microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis PCC 7806 under light-limited but nutrient-replete conditions, nitrogen (N) limitation and phosphorus (P) limitation. Microcystis was first grown in chemostats to acclimate to these different experimental conditions, and subsequently transferred to batch cultures where they were treated with a range of H₂O₂ concentrations (0-10 mg L^-1) while exposed to high light (100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) or low light (15 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1). Our results show that, at low light, N- and P-limited Microcystis were less sensitive to H₂O₂ than light-limited but nutrient-replete Microcystis. A significantly higher expression of the genes encoding for anti-oxidative stress enzymes (2-cys-peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin A and type II peroxiredoxin) was observed prior to and after the H₂O₂ treatment for both N- and P-limited Microcystis, which may explain their increased resistance against H₂O₂. At high light, Microcystis was more sensitive to H₂O₂ than at low light, and differences in the decline of the photosynthetic yield between nutrient-replete and nutrient-limited Microcystis exposed to H₂O₂ were less pronounced. Leakage of microcystin was stronger and faster from nutrient-replete than from N- and P-limited Microcystis. Overall, this study provides insight in the sensitivity of harmful cyanobacteria to H₂O₂ under various environmental conditions.

Keywords: Gene expression; Harmful algal blooms; Hydrogen peroxide; Microcystins; Microcystis; Nutrient limitation; Photosynthetic yield.