Based on gas adsorption theory, high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), low-temperature liquid nitrogen gas adsorption (LT-N₂GA), CO₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques were used to analyze the pore structures of six coal samples with different metamorphisms in terms of pore volume, specific surface area (SSA), pore size distribution (PSD) and pore shape. Combined with the gas adsorption constant a, the influence and mechanism of the pore structure of different coal ranks on gas adsorption capacity were analyzed. The results show that there are obvious differences in the pore structure of coals with different ranks, which leads to different adsorption capacities. To a large extent, the pore shapes observed by SEM are consistent with the LT-N₂GA isotherm analysis. The pore morphology of coal samples with different ranks is very different, indicating the heterogeneity among the coal surfaces. Adsorption analysis revealed that mesopore size distributions are multimodal and that the pore volume is mainly composed of mesopores of 2-15 nm. The adsorption capacity of the coal body micropores depends on the 0.6-0.9 nm and 1.5-2.0 nm aperture sections. The influence of coal rank on gas desorption and diffusion is mainly related to the difference in pore structure. The medium metamorphic coal sample spectra show that the number of peaks in the high-wavenumber segment is small and that it is greater in the high metamorphic coal. The absorption intensity of the C-H stretching vibration peak of naphthenic or aliphatic hydrocarbons varies significantly among the coal samples. Over a small range of angles, as the scattering angle increases, the scattering intensity of each coal sample gradually decreases, and as the degree of metamorphism increases, the scattering intensity gradually increases. That is, the degree of metamorphism of coal samples is directly proportional to the scattering intensity. The influence of coal rank on gas adsorption capacity is mainly related to the difference in pore structure. The gas adsorption capacity shows an asymmetric U-shaped relationship with coal rank. For higher rank coals (Vdaf < 15%), the gas adsorption consistently decreases significantly with increasing Vdaf. In the middle and low rank coal stages (Vdaf > 15%), it increases slowly with the increase of Vdaf. We believe that the results of this study will provide a theoretical basis and practical reference value for effectively evaluating coal-rock gas storage capacity, revealing the law of CBM enrichment and the development and utilization of CBM resources.