Factors impeding the supply of over-the-counter medications according to evidence-based practice: A mixed-methods study

Nouf Aloudah; Areej Alhumsi; Nada Alobeid; Nourah Aboheimed; Hind Aboheimed; Ghada Aboheimed

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240913

Factors impeding the supply of over-the-counter medications according to evidence-based practice: A mixed-methods study

PLoS One. 2020 Nov 19;15(11):e0240913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240913. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Nouf Aloudah¹, Areej Alhumsi², Nada Alobeid³, Nourah Aboheimed⁴, Hind Aboheimed⁵, Ghada Aboheimed¹

Affiliations

¹ Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Sales and Clinical Specialist Oncology, Becton Dickinson, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ Benefit Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Pharmacy Practice Department, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Objective: Despite the positive attitudes pharmacists have toward evidence-based practices (EBPs), its application in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and assess EBPs by community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia when they dispense over-the-counter (OTC) medications for three minor ailments: diarrhea, cough, and the common cold.

Research design and methods: We used a mixed-methods approach consisting of two study parts. The first was a quantitative investigation that used mystery shoppers. Four researchers, posing as mystery shoppers, visited 214 randomly selected pharmacies in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. They used 14 questions from a standardized checklist to examine EBPs by community pharmacists. The qualitative part of the study entailed three focus-group discussions with 13 pharmacists from different community practice settings and explored factors that affected the application of EBPs when supplying OTC medications from the pharmacists' point of view.

Results: The analysis indicated that 40% of pharmacists dispensed OTC medications according to EBPs. Logistic regression analysis showed that one question, "Describe your symptoms", predicted the correct supply of OTC medications (p = 0.021). The qualitative section of the study identified nine factors that affected EBP. Some of these factors facilitated EBP, such as established patient-pharmacist relationships, some acted as barriers such as conflicts between available evidence, while other factors could either facilitate or hinder EBPs, such as the health literacy of the patient.

Conclusion: Given that dispensing OTC medication is a core function of pharmacists, this study uncovered low adherence to EBPs by community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia when dispensing OTC medication for three minor ailments: diarrhea, cough, and the common cold. Furthermore, this study identified a number of explanatory factors for this low adherence. Targeting these factors could help change the behavior of pharmacists and decrease undesirable outcomes.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Community Pharmacy Services
Evidence-Based Pharmacy Practice*
Focus Groups
Humans
Nonprescription Drugs / supply & distribution*
Pharmacies / organization & administration
Pharmacists
Professional Role
Professional-Patient Relations
Saudi Arabia
Surveys and Questionnaires

Substances

Nonprescription Drugs

Grants and funding

This research project was supported by a grant from the “Research Center of the Female Scientific and Medical Colleges”, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. It was only provided financial support in the form of authors' salaries [Aloudah,N.; Abuheimd, G.]. The Becton Dickinson company had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, preparation of the manuscript and did not provided financial support in the form of author' salaries [Alhemsi, A.] at the time of study. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.”