Hydrophobic Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Pillared Bentonite as an Effective Palm Oil Bleaching Agent

Maria Yuliana; Revano J Sutrisno; Stefanus Hermanto; Suryadi Ismadji; Christian J Wijaya; Shella P Santoso; Felycia E Soetaredjo; Yi-Hsu Ju

doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c04238

Hydrophobic Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Pillared Bentonite as an Effective Palm Oil Bleaching Agent

ACS Omega. 2020 Oct 27;5(44):28844-28855. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04238. eCollection 2020 Nov 10.

Authors

Maria Yuliana¹, Revano J Sutrisno¹, Stefanus Hermanto¹, Suryadi Ismadji¹, Christian J Wijaya^{1

2}, Shella P Santoso¹, Felycia E Soetaredjo¹, Yi-Hsu Ju^{3

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia.
² Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
³ Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
⁴ Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
⁵ Taiwan Building Technology Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.

Abstract

To promote a minimal use of acid in the activation of bentonite and to maintain oil quality during refinery and storage, a new class of bleaching agent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-pillared bentonite (CTAB@Bent), is fabricated. The influences of three independent intercalation variables, including temperature T (40, 50, and 60 °C), time t (2, 4, and 6 h), and CTAB loading m _c (0.2, 0.25, 0.33, 0.50, and 1.00%, w/w), on the β-carotene removal rate are studied. The multilevel factorial design combined with the response surface methodology and three-way analysis of variance is employed to design and optimize experiments in regard to the three independent variables. Based on the optimization results, the highest β-carotene removal rate is monitored at 71.04% (w/w) using CTAB@Bent obtained at optimum intercalation conditions (CTAB@Ben-Opt): T = 40 °C, t = 3.2 h, m _c = 1.00% (w/w). The mechanism study shows that the adsorption of β-carotene onto CTAB@Bent-Opt is spontaneous and endothermic, with the governing steps of physical interaction and ion exchange between β-carotene and the cationic head of CTAB. CTAB@Bent-Opt also exhibits characteristics superior to those of commercial raw bentonite and acid-activated bentonite, indicating that a more efficient β-carotene removal can be achieved using this new bleaching agent.