Development of the Referee Shared Mental Models Measure (RSMMM)

Jorge Sinval; João Aragão E Pina; João Sinval; João Marôco; Catarina Marques Santos; Sjir Uitdewilligen; M Travis Maynard; Ana Margarida Passos

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550271

Development of the Referee Shared Mental Models Measure (RSMMM)

Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 19:11:550271. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550271. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Jorge Sinval^{1

2

3

4}, João Aragão E Pina⁵, João Sinval⁶, João Marôco², Catarina Marques Santos⁷, Sjir Uitdewilligen⁸, M Travis Maynard⁹, Ana Margarida Passos¹

Affiliations

¹ Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
² William James Center for Research, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
³ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁴ Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵ ISCTE Business School (IBS), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶ Faculty of Economics, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁷ Organisation, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship, Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
⁸ Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
⁹ Department of Management, College of Business, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.

Abstract

The concept of shared mental models refers to the shared understanding among team members about how they should behave in different situations. This article aimed to develop a new shared mental model measure, specifically designed for the refereeing context. A cross-sectional study was conducted with three samples: national and regional football referees (n = 133), national football referees and assistant referees and national futsal referees (n = 277), and national futsal referees (n = 60). The proposed version of the Referee Shared Mental Models Measure (RSMMM) has 13 items that are reflected on a single factor structure. The RSMMM presented good validity evidence both based on the internal structure and based on relations to other variables (presenting positive associations with team work engagement, team adaptive performance, and team effectiveness). Such promising psychometric properties point to an optimistic outlook regarding its use to measure shared mental models in futsal and football referee teams.

Keywords: football; futsal; psychometrics; referees; shared mental models.