In this work, a Fenton-like system with MnOx-Fe3O4/biochar composite (FeMn/biochar) and reducing agents (RAs) was constructed for pollutant degradation, aiming to enhance Fenton-like performance from both degradation efficacy and operational cost aspects. Batch experiments revealed that five well-characterized RAs (sodium borohydride (SBH), sodium thiosulfate (STS), ascorbic acid (AA), hydroxylamine (HA) and oxalic acid (OA)) could impact performance of FeMn/biochar-H2O2 system through multiple mechanisms, including variation of solution pH, competition for H2O2, electrostatic attraction and acceleration of metal redox cycle. Significantly, only OA and HA obviously enhanced the catalytic capacity of Fenton-like process and HA increased ciprofloxacin degradation efficiency from 38.2% to 92.8% with a low economic consumption as 4.16 US$/m3, well in agreement with the accelerated Fe(III/II) cycle and Mn(III/II) cycle in FeMn/biochar-H2O2-HA system. The accelerated metal redox cycle could enhance the decomposition of H2O2 into •OH and •O2-, which were verified to be the main reactive oxygen species responsible for ciprofloxacin degradation by radical trapping experiments. Meanwhile, FeMn/biochar-H2O2-HA system could also work effectively in real wastewaters, and exhibited favorable catalytic performance towards oxytetracycline, tetracycline, methyl orange, methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and naphthalene, indicating the applicability of FeMn/biochar-H2O2-HA system in oxidizing refractory pollutants in wastewaters.
Keywords: Fe–Mn oxide/biochar; H(2)O(2) activation; Metal redox cycle; Reducing agents; Water treatment.
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