Suitability of different data sources in rainfall pattern characterization in the tropical central highlands of Kenya

Oduor O Nathan; Ngetich K Felix; Kiboi N Milka; Muriuki Anne; Adamtey Noah; Mugendi N Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05375

Suitability of different data sources in rainfall pattern characterization in the tropical central highlands of Kenya

Heliyon. 2020 Nov 1;6(10):e05375. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05375. eCollection 2020 Oct.

Authors

Oduor O Nathan¹, Ngetich K Felix¹, Kiboi N Milka¹, Muriuki Anne², Adamtey Noah³, Mugendi N Daniel⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Land and Water Management, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya.
² National Agricultural Research Laboratories Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
³ Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), P.O. Box 219-5070 Frick, Switzerland.
⁴ Department of Agricultural Resource Management, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6-60100, Embu 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.

Abstract

Uncertainty in rainfall pattern has put rain-fed agriculture in jeopardy, even for the regions considered high rainfall potential like the Central Highlands of Kenya (CHK). The rainfall pattern in the CHK is spatially and temporally variable in terms of onset and cessation dates, frequency and occurrence of dry spells, and seasonal distribution. Appraisal of the variability is further confounded by the lack of sufficient observational data that can enable accurate characterisation of the rainfall pattern in the region. We, therefore, explored the utilisation of satellite daily rainfall estimates from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for rainfall pattern characterisation in the CHK. Observed daily rainfall data sourced from Kenya meteorological department were used as a reference point. The observation period was from 1997 to 2015. Rainfall in the CHK was highly variable, fairly distributed and with low intensity in all the seasons. Onset dates ranged between mid-February to mid-March and mid-August to mid-October for long rains (LR) and short rains (SR) seasons, respectively. Cessation dates ranged from late May to mid-June and mid-December to late December for the LR and SR, respectively. There was a high probability (93%) of dry spell occurrence. More research needs to be done on efficient use of the available soil moisture and on drought tolerant crop varieties to reduce the impact of drought on crop productivity. Comparison between satellite and observed rain gauge data showed close agreement at monthly scale than at daily scale, with general agreement between the two datasets. Hence, we concluded that, given the availability, accessibility, frequency of estimation and spatial resolution, satellite estimates can complement observed rain gauge data. Stakeholders in the fields of agriculture, natural resource management, environment among others, can utilise the findings of this study in planning to reduce rainfall-related risks and enhance food security.

Keywords: Agricultural sciences; Hydrology; Rainfall cessation; Rainfall characterization; Rainfall onset; Rainfall pattern; Satellite estimates.