A literature review of the data of hematological cancer survivors revealed that both the cumulative proportion and burden of late effects change according to the attained age, primary cancer, and type of treatment. I selected neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, endocrinological dysfunction, musculoskeletal dysfunction, subsequent immunodeficiency, and reproductive dysfunction as representative late effects. I accordingly explained the characteristics of secondary cancers as the most life-threatening late effects and compared the late effects between survivors who did and did not undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, respectively. The main goals of my educational lecture are as follows: (1) to highlight important late effects in hematological cancer survivors and their risk factors; (2) to discuss primary secondary cancers and explain their characteristics (e.g., frequency, incubation periods, and risk factors); (3) to characterize late effects after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; and (4) to use representative long-term follow-up guidelines if necessary.
Keywords: Hematological cancer survivor; Late effects; Long-term follow-up; Secondary cancer.