CRIg+ Macrophages Prevent Gut Microbial DNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicle-Induced Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Abstract

Background & aims: Liver CRIg⁺ (complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily) macrophages play a critical role in filtering bacteria and their products from circulation. Translocation of microbiota-derived products from an impaired gut barrier contributes to the development of obesity-associated tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. However, the critical role of CRIg⁺ macrophages in clearing microbiota-derived products from the bloodstream in the context of obesity is largely unknown.

Methods: We performed studies with CRIg^-/-, C3^-/-, cGAS^-/-, and their wild-type littermate mice. The CRIg⁺ macrophage population and bacterial DNA abundance were examined in both mouse and human liver by either flow cytometric or immunohistochemistry analysis. Gut microbial DNA-containing extracellular vesicles (mEVs) were adoptively transferred into CRIg^-/-, C3^-/-, or wild-type mice, and tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity were measured in these mice. After coculture with gut mEVs, cellular insulin responses and cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory responses were evaluated.

Results: Gut mEVs can reach metabolic tissues in obesity. Liver CRIg⁺ macrophages efficiently clear mEVs from the bloodstream through a C3-dependent opsonization mechanism, whereas obesity elicits a marked reduction in the CRIg⁺ macrophage population. Depletion of CRIg⁺ cells results in the spread of mEVs into distant metabolic tissues, subsequently exacerbating tissue inflammation and metabolic disorders. Additionally, in vitro treatment of obese mEVs directly triggers inflammation and insulin resistance of insulin target cells. Depletion of microbial DNA blunts the pathogenic effects of intestinal EVs. Furthermore, the cGAS/STING pathway is crucial for microbial DNA-mediated inflammatory responses.

Conclusions: Deficiency of CRIg⁺ macrophages and leakage of intestinal EVs containing microbial DNA contribute to the development of obesity-associated tissue inflammation and metabolic diseases.

Keywords: Extracellular Vesicle; Microbial DNA; Obesity; Tissue Inflammation.