Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.
Keywords:
MSI; PD-L1; TILs; TMB; biomarkers; immunotherapy; neuroendocrine neoplasia.
MeSH terms
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B7-H1 Antigen / immunology
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B7-H1 Antigen / metabolism
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Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics
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Biomarkers, Tumor / immunology*
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Biomarkers, Tumor / metabolism
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Carcinoma, Merkel Cell / genetics
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Carcinoma, Merkel Cell / immunology
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Carcinoma, Merkel Cell / metabolism
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Carcinoma, Merkel Cell / therapy
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Digestive System Neoplasms / genetics
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Digestive System Neoplasms / immunology
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Digestive System Neoplasms / metabolism
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Digestive System Neoplasms / therapy
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Humans
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Immunotherapy*
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Lung Neoplasms / genetics
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Lung Neoplasms / immunology
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Lung Neoplasms / metabolism
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Lung Neoplasms / therapy
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Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
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Microsatellite Instability
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Mutation
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Neuroendocrine Tumors / genetics
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Neuroendocrine Tumors / immunology
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Neuroendocrine Tumors / metabolism
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Neuroendocrine Tumors / therapy*
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Skin Neoplasms / genetics
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Skin Neoplasms / immunology
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Skin Neoplasms / metabolism
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Skin Neoplasms / therapy
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Tumor Microenvironment / genetics
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Tumor Microenvironment / immunology
Substances
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B7-H1 Antigen
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Biomarkers, Tumor
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CD274 protein, human
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors