1 Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
2 Research Department, Institute for Health Economics and Policy, Tokyo, Japan.
3 Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
4 Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
5 Association of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
6 Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.