Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with inflammatory plaques of white matter demyelination, oligodendrocyte destruction, reactive gliosis and axonal degeneration. In this chapter, we first review the pathological process of axonal degeneration in MS and discuss how these changes cause clinical symptoms of MS. We then discuss the pharmacological treatment to improve the clinical symptoms. Finally, we highlight how the autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) can be effective for aggressive MS patients, who fail to respond to drug therapies, and also propose the future challenges of AHSCT.
Keywords: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell; Demyelination; Multiple sclerosis; Transplantation.