The highly rearranged mitochondrial genomes of three economically important scale insects and the mitochondrial phylogeny of Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)

Hong-Ling Liu; Qing-Dong Chen; Song Chen; De-Qiang Pu; Zhi-Teng Chen; Yue-Yue Liu; Xu Liu

doi:10.7717/peerj.9932

The highly rearranged mitochondrial genomes of three economically important scale insects and the mitochondrial phylogeny of Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)

PeerJ. 2020 Oct 6:8:e9932. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9932. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Hong-Ling Liu¹, Qing-Dong Chen¹, Song Chen¹, De-Qiang Pu¹, Zhi-Teng Chen², Yue-Yue Liu³, Xu Liu¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of plant protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of integrated pest management of Southwest crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China.
² School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China.
³ Analysis and testing center of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.

Abstract

The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of scale insects are less known in comparison to other insects, which hinders the phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of Coccoidea and higher taxa. Herein, the complete mitogenomes of Unaspis yanonensis, Planococcus citri and Ceroplastes rubens were sequenced for Coccoidea. The 15,220-bp long mitogenome of U. yanonensis contained the typical set of 37 genes including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes; the 15,549-bp long mitogenome of P. citri lacked the tRNA gene trnV; the 15,387-bp long mitogenome of C. rubens exhibited several shortened PCGs and lacked five tRNA genes. The mitochondrial gene arrangement of the three mitogenomes was different from other scale insects and Drosophila yakuba. Most PCGs used standard ATN (ATA, ATT, ATC and ATG) start codons and complete TAN (TAA or TAG) termination codons. The ND4L had the highest evolutionary rate but COX1 and CYTB were the lowest. Most tRNA genes had cloverleaf secondary structures, whereas the reduction of dihydrouridine (DHU) arms and TψC arms were detected. Tandem repeats, stem-loop (SL) structures and poly-[TA]n stretch were found in the control regions (CRs) of the three mitogenomes. The phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood methods (ML) showed identical results, both supporting the inner relationship of Coccoidea as Coccidae + (Pseudococcidae + Diaspididae).

Keywords: Coccoidea; Hemiptera; Mitogenome; Phylogeny; Sternorrhyncha.

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2017YFD0202002), Research on green pest control technology of characteristic fruit (No. 2016GYSH-018), and Sichuan fruit innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system (No. 2019-2023). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.