Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) can acquire phage-encoded immune modulators, such as the immune evasion cluster (IEC), which protects bacteria from components of the human innate immune system, and the enzyme TarP, which protects against antibody-mediated immune recognition. We used whole-genome sequencing and epidemiologic investigations to study the effects of IEC- and tarP-harboring phages on household transmission of LA-MRSA in North Denmark Region during 2004-2011. We reviewed information about all patients throughout Denmark who experienced LA-MRSA infection during 2007-2018 to determine whether IEC is associated with increased spread into the general population. Horizontal acquisition of IEC in the human host was associated with increased household transmission of LA-MRSA and spillover into the community and healthcare settings, whereas we found no evidence to suggest that IEC-positive LA-MRSA isolates have become self-sustainable in the general population. By contrast, TarP did not seem to influence household transmission of LA-MRSA.
Keywords: CHIPS; Denmark; LA-MRSA; MRSA; MRSA and other staphylococci; SAK; SCIN; SEA; SEP; antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; bacteriophages; disease transmission; humans; immune evasion; livestock; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; zoonoses.