Toxicological aspects of increased use of surface and hand disinfectants in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a preliminary report

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020 Oct 6;71(3):261-264. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3470. Print 2020 Sep 1.

Abstract

All COVID-19 prevention strategies include regular use of surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers. As these measures took hold in Croatia, the Croatian Poison Control Centre started receiving phone calls from the general public and healthcare workers, which prompted us to investigate whether the risk of suspected/symptomatic poisonings with disinfectants and sanitisers really increased. To that end we compared their frequency and characteristics in the first half of 2019 and 2020. Cases of exposures to disinfectants doubled in the first half of 2020 (41 vs 21 cases in 2019), and exposure to sanitisers increased about nine times (46 vs 5 cases in 2019). In 2020, the most common ingredients of disinfectants and sanitisers involved in poisoning incidents were hypochlorite/glutaraldehyde, and ethanol/isopropyl alcohol, respectively. Exposures to disinfectants were recorded mostly in adults (56 %) as accidental (78 %) through ingestion or inhalation (86 %). Fortunately, most callers were asymptomatic (people called for advice because they were concerned), but nearly half reported mild gastrointestinal or respiratory irritation, and in one case severe symptoms were reported (gastrointestinal corrosive injury). Reports of exposure to hand sanitisers highlighted preschool children as the most vulnerable group. Accidental exposure through ingestion dominated, but, again, only mild symptoms (gastrointestinal or eye irritation) developed in one third of the cases. These preliminary findings, however limited, confirm that increased availability and use of disinfectants and sanitisers significantly increased the risk of poisoning, particularly in preschool children through accidental ingestion of hand sanitisers. We therefore believe that epidemiological recommendations for COVID-19 prevention should include warnings informing the general public of the risks of poisoning with surface and hand disinfectants in particular.

Preventivne strategije za COVID-19 infekciju u kućanstvima, javnim i radnim prostorima uključuju redovitu uporabu biocidnih proizvoda – dezinficijensa za površine i za kožu šaka. Analizirali smo pozive zaprimljene u hrvatskom Centru za kontrolu otrovanja vezane uz sumnju na otrovanja, odnosno simptomatska otrovanja dezinficijensima. Cilj studije bio je usporediti broj i karakteristike tih poziva, zaprimljenih u prvih šest mjeseci u 2019. i u 2020. godini, kako bi se procijenio utjecaj COVID-19 pandemije. Broj slučajeva izloženosti dezinficijensima za površine udvostručio se u prvih šest mjeseci u 2020. u odnosu na 2019. godinu (41 vs 21 slučaj), a izloženost dezinficijensima za šake povećala se oko devet puta (46 vs 5 slučajeva). U 2020. godini najčešći sastojci dezinficijensa za površine i šake uključeni u slučajeve otrovanja bili su hipoklorit/glutaraldehid, odnosno etanol/izopropilni alkohol. Izloženost dezinficijensima za površine zabilježena je najčešće u odraslih osoba (56 %), kao slučajna izloženost (78 %) ingestijom ili inhalacijom (86 %), s blagim simptomima (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga ili respiratornoga sustava) u 46 % i teškim otrovanjem (korozivna ozljeda gastrointestinalnoga sustava) u samo jednom slučaju. Izloženost dezinficijensima za šake zabilježena je najčešće u predškolske djece (70 %), kao slučajna izloženost (98 %) ingestijom (93 %), s razvojem blagih simptoma (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga sustava ili oka) u samo 30 % slučajeva. Zaključno, povećana dostupnost i uporaba dezinficijensa za površine i šake u Hrvatskoj tijekom COVID-19 pandemije dovela je do značajnog povećanja broja potencijalno toksičnih izloženosti, naročito slučajnih ingestija dezinficijensa za šake u predškolske djece. Osnovne mjere prevencije toksičnih učinaka biocida trebaju biti uključene u epidemiološke preporuke za prevenciju COVID-19 infekcije.

Keywords: corrosive injury; ethanol; hand sanitisers; hypochlorite; preschool children.

MeSH terms

  • 2-Propanol / toxicity*
  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Betacoronavirus
  • COVID-19
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Coronavirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Coronavirus Infections / prevention & control*
  • Croatia / epidemiology
  • Disinfectants / toxicity*
  • Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / epidemiology
  • Ethanol / toxicity*
  • Female
  • Glutaral / toxicity*
  • Hand Sanitizers / toxicity*
  • Humans
  • Hypochlorous Acid / toxicity*
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pandemics / prevention & control*
  • Pneumonia, Viral / epidemiology
  • Pneumonia, Viral / prevention & control*
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Disinfectants
  • Hand Sanitizers
  • Ethanol
  • Hypochlorous Acid
  • 2-Propanol
  • Glutaral