Examining the prevalence, correlates and inequalities of undiagnosed hypertension in Nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study

Md Mehedi Hasan; Fariha Tasnim; Md Tariqujjaman; Sayem Ahmed; Anne Cleary; Abdullah Mamun

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037592

Examining the prevalence, correlates and inequalities of undiagnosed hypertension in Nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open. 2020 Oct 1;10(10):e037592. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037592.

Authors

Md Mehedi Hasan^{1

2}, Fariha Tasnim³, Md Tariqujjaman⁴, Sayem Ahmed^{5

6

7}, Anne Cleary⁸, Abdullah Mamun^{8

2}

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia m.m.hasan@uqconnect.edu.au.
² ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia.
³ Maternal and Child Health DIvision, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁴ Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁵ Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁶ Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
⁷ Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia.

Abstract

Objective: To examine the prevalence, correlates and sociodemographic inequalities of undiagnosed hypertension in Nepal.

Design: This study used cross-sectional 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data. Undiagnosed patients with hypertension were defined as an NDHS respondent who was diagnosed as hypertensive (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) during the survey, but never took any prescribed anti-hypertensive medicine to lower/control blood pressure and was never identified as having hypertension by a health professional prior the survey. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis was performed, and Concentration Index was measured.

Setting: Nepal.

Participants: Adult patients with hypertension.

Results: Among 3334 patients with hypertension, 50.4% remained undiagnosed during the survey in Nepal. Adjusted model reveals that patients who were male, belonged to households other than the highest wealth quintile, and lived in province 4 and province 5 were at higher risk of remaining undiagnosed for hypertension. Patients who were ≥65 years of age and were overweight/obese were at lower risk of remaining undiagnosed for hypertension. The poor-rich gap was 24.6 percentage points (Q1=64.1% vs Q5=39.6%) and poor:rich ratio was 1.6 (Q1/Q5=1.6) in the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension. Undiagnosed hypertension was disproportionately higher among lower socioeconomic status groups (Concentration Index, C=-0.18). Inequalities in the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension further varied across other geographic locations, including place of residence, ecological zones and administrative provinces.

Conclusions: Undiagnosed hypertension was highly prevalent in Nepal and there were substantial inequalities by sociodemographics and subnational levels. Increasing awareness, strengthening routine screening to diagnose hypertension at primary health service facilities and enactment of social health insurance policy may help Nepal to prevent and control this burden.

Keywords: epidemiology; hypertension; public health.

MeSH terms

Adult
Blood Pressure
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Hypertension* / diagnosis
Hypertension* / epidemiology
Male
Nepal / epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors