We report luminescent photon-upconversion barcodes for indexing the chemical content of droplets. The barcode is compatible with the simultaneous detection of fluorescence. The encoding and decoding of the initial concentration of enzyme β-galactosidase and substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-galactopyranoside are described. The fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone is detected simultaneously with the barcode.