Temperature dependence and temporal stability of stacked radiochromic sheets for three-dimensional dose verification

Abstract

Purpose: Recently a novel radiochromic sheet dosimeter, termed as PRESAGE sheets, consisting of leuco crystal violet dye and radical initiator had been developed and characterized. This study examines the dosimeter's temporal stability and storage temperature dependence postirradiation, and its applicability for dose verification in three dimensions (3D) as a stack dosimeter.

Methods: PRESAGE sheets were irradiated using 6 MV photons at a dose range of 0-20 Gy with the change in optical density measured using a flatbed scanner. Following their irradiation, PRESAGE sheets were stored in different temperature environments (-18 °C, 4 °C, and 22 °C) and scanned at different time points, ranging from 1 to 168 h postirradiation, to track changes in measured signal and linearity of dose response. Multiple PRESAGE sheets were bound together to create a 12 × 13 × 8.7 cm³ film stack, with EBT3 film inserted between the sheets in the central region of the stack, that was treated using a clinical VMAT plan. Based on the results from the time and storage temperature study, two-dimensional (2D) relative dose distribution measurements in PRESAGE were acquired promptly following irradiation at selected planes in the coronal, sagittal, and axial orientation of the film stack and compared to the treatment planning system calculations in their respective axes. Dose distribution measurements on the coronal axis of the stack dosimeter were also independently verified using EBT3 film.

Results: The dose response was observed to be linear (R² > 0.995) with sheets stored in colder temperatures retaining their signal and dose response sensitivity for extended periods postirradiation. Sheets stored in 22 °C environment should be measured within an hour postirradiation. Sheets stored in a 4 °C and -18 °C environment can be scanned up to 20- and 72 h postirradiation, respectively, while preserving the integrity of their dose response sensitivity and linearity of dose response within a mean absolute percent error of 2.0%. For instance, at 20 h postirradiation the dose response sensitivity for sheets stored in a -18 °C, 4 °C, and 22 °C temperature environment was measured to be 97%, 91%, and 77% of their original values measured within an hour postirradiation, respectively. The 2D gamma pass rate for central slices exceed 95% for PRESAGE film stack compared with treatment planning system on selected planes in the axial, coronal, and sagittal orientation and EBT3 film in the coronal orientation using a 2D gamma index of 2%/2mm. The gamma pass rate in comparing the calculated dose distribution with the measured dose distribution from PRESAGE-LCV was observed to decrease in sheets scanned at later elapsed times postirradiation. In one example, the gamma pass rate for 2%/2mm criteria in the coronal plane was observed to decrease from 97.7% pass rate when scanned within an hour postirradiation to 92.1% pass rate when scanned at 20 h postirradiation under room temperature conditions.

Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that the temporal stability of PRESAGE sheets can be enhanced through its storage in colder temperature environments postirradiation and that sheets as a film stack dosimeter hold promise for precise relative dose distribution measurements in 3D where advanced optical CT is unavailable.

Keywords: 3D dosimetry; PRESAGE; leuco crystal violet; radiochromic sheet; temperature dependence.