Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece

Eleni Parlapani; Vasiliki Holeva; Panteleimon Voitsidis; Apostolos Blekas; Ioannis Gliatas; Georgia N Porfyri; Adrianos Golemis; Kalliopi Papadopoulou; Aikaterini Dimitriadou; Aliki F Chatzigeorgiou; Vasiliki Bairachtari; Sofia Patsiala; Marina Skoupra; Kleoniki Papigkioti; Christina Kafetzopoulou; Ioannis Diakogiannis

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821

Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece

Front Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 19:11:821. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Eleni Parlapani¹, Vasiliki Holeva¹, Panteleimon Voitsidis¹, Apostolos Blekas¹, Ioannis Gliatas¹, Georgia N Porfyri¹, Adrianos Golemis¹, Kalliopi Papadopoulou¹, Aikaterini Dimitriadou¹, Aliki F Chatzigeorgiou¹, Vasiliki Bairachtari¹, Sofia Patsiala¹, Marina Skoupra¹, Kleoniki Papigkioti¹, Christina Kafetzopoulou¹, Ioannis Diakogiannis¹

Affiliation

¹ 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Abstract

Objective: Fear of COVID-19 was associated with more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to explore COVID-19-related fear, depressive and anxiety symptoms, social responsibility, and behavioral responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 10 to April 13, 2020. Members of the Greek general population completed anonymously an online survey, distributed through the social media. Among the 3,700 adult respondents, 3,029 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The survey included sociodemographic questions, questions exploring potential risk factors for increased fear of COVID-19, questions about the employment of safety and checking behaviors, and questions about compliance with public health guidelines. In addition, four psychometric scales were used, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and Steele's Social Responsibility Motivation scale. Multivariate General Linear Models (GLM) were used to depict significant differences among dependent variables (FCV-19S, PHQ-9, GAD-7) and independent variables (potential risk factors, safety and checking behaviors, compliance with guidelines). The relationship between the FCV-19S total score and influencing factors was quantified by linear regression analysis.

Results: Several participants reported high levels of COVID-19-related fear (35.7%) and moderate to severe depressive symptoms (22.8%), while a significant proportion reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (77.4%). Women scored altogether significantly higher than men. Respondents under the age of 30 reported less fear and depressive symptoms and showed the least social responsibility. Based on GLM, a significant other's COVID-19 illness, being on psychiatric medication, employment of safety and checking behaviors, and compliance with guidelines were associated with higher COVID-19-related fear. Linear regression analysis revealed that gender, age, depressive, and anxiety symptoms modified levels of COVID-19-related fear.

Conclusions: Greater behavioral responses to the pandemic, that is, excessive employment of safety/checking behaviors and greater compliance with guidelines, were shown to amplify fear, potentially due to increased contamination awareness. In addition, female gender, older age, and more severe anxiety symptoms were related with higher COVID-19-related fear. Describing and weighing carefully the psychosocial and behavioral impact of the pandemic will enable the implementation of both supportive and preventive interventions.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; Fear of COVID-19 Scale; anxiety; compliance; depression; fear; social responsibility.