Characterization of zika virus infection of human fetal cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells

PLoS One. 2020 Sep 17;15(9):e0239238. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239238. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. ZIKV predominantly enters cells using the TAM-family protein tyrosine kinase receptor AXL, which is expressed on a range of cell types, including neural progenitor cells, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoblasts. ZIKV infections have been associated with fetal brain damage, which prompted the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency in 2016. ZIKV infection has also been linked to birth defects in other organs. Several studies have reported congenital heart defects (CHD) in ZIKV infected infants and cardiovascular complications in adults infected with ZIKV. To develop a better understanding of potential causes for these pathologies at a cellular level, we characterized ZIKV infection of human fetal cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (fcMSCs), a cell type that is known to contribute to both embryological development as well as adult cardiac physiology. Total RNA, supernatants, and/or cells were collected at various time points post-infection to evaluate ZIKV replication, cell death, and antiviral responses. We found that ZIKV productively infected fcMSCs with peak (~70%) viral mRNA detected at 48 h. Use of an antibody blocking the AXL receptor decreased ZIKV infection (by ~50%), indicating that the receptor is responsible to a large extent for viral entry into the cell. ZIKV also altered protein expression of several mesenchymal cell markers, which suggests that ZIKV could affect fcMSCs' differentiation process. Gene expression analysis of fcMSCs exposed to ZIKV at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection revealed up-regulation of genes/pathways associated with interferon-stimulated antiviral responses. Stimulation of TLR3 (using poly I:C) or TLR7 (using Imiquimod) prior to ZIKV infection suppressed viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, fcMSCs can be a target for ZIKV infection, potentially resulting in CHD during embryological development and/or cardiovascular issues in ZIKV infected adults.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
  • Cell Death
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Human Embryonic Stem Cells / metabolism
  • Human Embryonic Stem Cells / virology*
  • Humans
  • Interferons / genetics
  • Interferons / metabolism
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / metabolism
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / virology*
  • Myocytes, Cardiac / metabolism
  • Myocytes, Cardiac / virology*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • RNA, Viral / metabolism
  • Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / metabolism
  • Toll-Like Receptors / genetics
  • Toll-Like Receptors / metabolism
  • Vero Cells
  • Virus Replication*
  • Zika Virus / pathogenicity
  • Zika Virus / physiology*
  • Zika Virus Infection / metabolism
  • Zika Virus Infection / virology*

Substances

  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins
  • RNA, Viral
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • Interferons
  • Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
  • Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Grants and funding

This study was supported by the Zika Research Grant Initiative, Florida Department of Health (http://www.floridahealth.gov/) in the form of a grant awarded to VB and ADD (7ZK13). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.