Due to good biocompatibility and plasma membrane similarity, the nanosized exosomes are ideal drug carriers. Near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy is an emerging method for cancer treatment in which photothermal agents absorb the energy of external NIR light to generate high temperatures in a targeted region to effectively kill cancer cells. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have been found to provide a prominent photothermal performance, while aptamers can precisely target surface markers on cells with high affinity and specificity. In this study, exosomes were mildly functionalized by integrating them with aptamers and AuNRs to assemble a powerful combination Apt-Exos-AuNRs (AEARs) with good specificity and an effective photothermal killing action on cancer cells. The structure, hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potential, UV-vis absorption spectra and stability of the AEARs were further characterized. In addition, using a cell model, the cancer cell targeting ability of the AEARs and its cellular uptake were observed. Moreover, its photothermal killing effect on various human cancer cells in vitro was validated by a CCK-8 assay as well as apoptosis analysis, the results of which suggest this exosomes-based nanomaterial can serve as a novel and broad-spectrum platform for precision cancer therapy.