CCL-11 or Eotaxin-1: An Immune Marker for Ageing and Accelerated Ageing in Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders

Mariya Ivanovska; Zakee Abdi; Marianna Murdjeva; Danielle Macedo; Annabel Maes; Michael Maes

doi:10.3390/ph13090230

CCL-11 or Eotaxin-1: An Immune Marker for Ageing and Accelerated Ageing in Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders

Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020 Sep 2;13(9):230. doi: 10.3390/ph13090230.

Authors

Mariya Ivanovska^{1

2

3}, Zakee Abdi⁴, Marianna Murdjeva^{1

2

3}, Danielle Macedo^{5

6}, Annabel Maes⁷, Michael Maes^{8

9

10}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
² Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "St. George"-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
³ Division of Immunological Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, TCEMED, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁴ Medical Faculty, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, sBulgaria.
⁵ Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research, and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, Brazil.
⁶ National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto 14000-000, Brazil.
⁷ Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
⁹ TCEMED, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.

Abstract

Background: CCL-11 (eotaxin) is a chemokine with an important role in allergic conditions. Recent evidence indicates that CCL-11 plays a role in brain disorders as well. This paper reviews the associations between CCL-11 and aging, neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Methods: Electronic databases were searched for original articles examining CCL-11 in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Results: CCL-11 is rapidly transported from the blood to the brain through the blood-brain barrier. Age-related increases in CCL-11 are associated with cognitive impairments in executive functions and episodic and semantic memory, and therefore, this chemokine has been described as an "Endogenous Cognition Deteriorating Chemokine" (ECDC) or "Accelerated Brain-Aging Chemokine" (ABAC). In schizophrenia, increased CCL-11 is not only associated with impairments in cognitive functions, but also with key symptoms including formal thought disorders. Some patients with mood disorders and premenstrual syndrome show increased plasma CCL-11 levels. In diseases of old age, CCL-11 is associated with lowered neurogenesis and neurodegenerative processes, and as a consequence, increased CCL-11 increases risk towards Alzheimer's disease. Polymorphisms in the CCL-11 gene are associated with stroke. Increased CCL-11 also plays a role in neuroinflammatory disease including multiple sclerosis. In animal models, neutralization of CCL-11 may protect against nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Increased production of CCL-11 may be attenuated by glucocorticoids, minocycline, resveratrol and anti-CCL11 antibodies.

Conclusions: Increased CCL-11 production during inflammatory conditions may play a role in human disease including age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, mood disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Increased CCL-11 production is a new drug target in the treatment and prevention of those disorders.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; CCL-11; aging; behaviour; biomarkers; brain; cytokines; eotaxin; prevention; schizophrenia; stroke.

Publication types

Review