An ecological analysis of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and incidence of COVID-19 in Canadian health regions

David M Stieb; Greg J Evans; Teresa M To; Jeffrey R Brook; Richard T Burnett

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110052

An ecological analysis of long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and incidence of COVID-19 in Canadian health regions

Environ Res. 2020 Dec:191:110052. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110052. Epub 2020 Aug 26.

Authors

David M Stieb¹, Greg J Evans², Teresa M To³, Jeffrey R Brook⁴, Richard T Burnett⁵

Affiliations

¹ Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 420-757 West Hastings St., Federal Tower, V6C 1A1, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Room 101, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, K1G 5Z3, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Electronic address: dave.stieb@canada.ca.
² Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, M5S 3E5, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: greg.evans@utoronto.ca.
³ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, M5T 3M7, Toronto, ON, Canada; Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 1X8, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: teresa.to@sickkids.ca.
⁴ Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, M5S 3E5, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, M5T 3M7, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: jeff.brook@utoronto.ca.
⁵ School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Room 101, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, K1G 5Z3, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Electronic address: rtburnett1@gmail.com.

Abstract

Background: Ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is associated with a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, including increased risk of respiratory infection. However, evidence specifically related to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is limited.

Methods: COVID-19 case counts for 111 Canadian health regions were obtained from the COVID-19 Canada Open Data portal. Annual PM_2.5 data for 2000-2016 were estimated from a national exposure surface based on remote sensing, chemical transport modelling and ground observations, and minimum and maximum temperature data for 2000-2015 were based on a national interpolated surface derived from thin-plate smoothing splines. Population counts and sociodemographic data by health region were obtained from the 2016 census, and health data (self-rated health and prevalence of smoking, obesity, and selected chronic diseases) by health region, were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Data on total number of COVID-19 tests and changes in mobility comparing post-vs. pre-introduction of social distancing measures were available by province. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression models.

Results: After controlling for province, temperature, demographic and health characteristics and days since peak incidence by health region, long-term PM_2.5 exposure exhibited a positive association with COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.18 per μg/m³). This association was larger in magnitude and statistically significant in analyses excluding provinces that reported cases only for aggregated health regions, excluding health regions with less than median population density, and restricted to the most highly affected provinces (Quebec and Ontario).

Conclusions: We observed a positive association between COVID-19 incidence and long-term PM_2.5 exposure in Canadian health regions. The association was larger in magnitude and statistically significant in more highly affected health regions and those with potentially less exposure measurement error. While our results generate hypotheses for further testing, they should be interpreted with caution and require further examination using study designs less prone to bias.

Keywords: COVID-19; Ecological; Fine particulate matter; Incidence; Respiratory infection.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants* / analysis
Air Pollution* / analysis
Betacoronavirus
COVID-19
Coronavirus Infections*
Coronavirus*
Environmental Exposure / analysis
Humans
Incidence
Ontario
Pandemics*
Particulate Matter / analysis
Particulate Matter / toxicity
Pneumonia, Viral*
Quebec
SARS-CoV-2

Substances

Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter