Electrochemical Performance of Graphitic Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Aspect Ratios as Cathode Materials for Aluminum-ion Batteries

Abstract

Graphitic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can function as high-performance cathode materials for rechargeable Al-ion batteries with well-defined discharging plateaus and reasonable charge/discharge C-rates. However, the main intercalation/deintercalation or adsorption/desorption path of AlCl₄^- anions into or onto G-MWCNTs has not been elucidated. Herein, we used battery cells comprised of G-MWCNTs with different aspect ratios, Al metal, and AlCl₃/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid as the cathode, anode, and electrolyte, respectively. The electrochemical performance of the Al||G-MWCNT cell increased as the aspect ratio of the G-MWCNT cathode increased (i. e., longer and thinner). The degree of defects of the G-MWCNTs was similar (0.15-0.22); hence, the results confirm that the main and alternate paths for the AlCl₄^- intercalation/de-intercalation or adsorption/desorption into/from or onto/from the G-MWCNT are the basal and edge planes, respectively. The step-like structures of defects on the basal plane provide the main reaction site for AlCl₄^- anions.

Keywords: aluminum; aspect ratio; cathod materials; multi-walled carbon nanotubes; reaction mechanisms.