Polysomnographic phenotype of isolated REM sleep without atonia

Abstract

Objective: Isolated REM sleep without atonia (iRSWA) is regarded as a prodromal phase of REM sleep behavior disorder and synucleinopathies. In iRSWA patients, we investigated the polysomnographic characteristics that are known to be altered in (prodromal) Parkinson's disease (PD): periodic limb movements of sleep [PLMS] (increased), REM density (reduced), and heart rate variability ([HRV] (reduced).

Methods: We compared video-polysomnographic studies of 49 iRSWA subjects with 41 controls. RSWA and PLMS were scored visually. REM density (REM/hour) and HRV were calculated automatically.

Results: We found a higher median total (15.90 vs 7.20; p = 0.001), REM (21.80 vs 11.0; p < 0.001) and non-REM (11.75 vs 5.72; p = 0.027) PLMS index, and a higher mean REM density (342.45 vs 275.96; p = 0.010) in the iRSWA group, with a significant positive correlation between RSWA severity and these variables (r = 0.39; p < 0.00, r = 0.48; p < 0.001, r = 0.24; p = 0.021, r = 0.28; p = 0.012). We found no significant difference in HRV between groups.

Conclusions: Our results suggest an association between RWSA and REM density and PLMS, but not HRV. The positive correlation between these variabilities may imply overlapping pathophysiological processes.

Significance: The evidence of higher REM density and normal HRV weakens the hypothesis that iRWSA is a prodromal PD stage. An alternative interpretation is, however, that REM density and HRV change during caudal-rostral neurodegeneration.

Keywords: Heart rate variability; Parkinson’s disease; Periodic limb movements of sleep; Polysomnography; REM density; REM sleep without atonia.