1 Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. Muhammad.mamdani@unityhealth.to.
2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Muhammad.mamdani@unityhealth.to.
3 Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Muhammad.mamdani@unityhealth.to.
4 Keenan Research Center for Biological Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. Arthur.slutsky@unityhealth.to.
5 Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Arthur.slutsky@unityhealth.to.