Inverse correlation between Interleukin-34 and gastric cancer, a potential biomarker for prognosis

Qinghua Liu; Ying Zhang; Jiwei Zhang; Kun Tao; Brett D Hambly; Shisan Bao

doi:10.1186/s13578-020-00454-8

Inverse correlation between Interleukin-34 and gastric cancer, a potential biomarker for prognosis

Cell Biosci. 2020 Aug 4:10:94. doi: 10.1186/s13578-020-00454-8. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Qinghua Liu^{1

2}, Ying Zhang¹, Jiwei Zhang³, Kun Tao⁴, Brett D Hambly^{2

4}, Shisan Bao^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000 China.
² Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Center D17, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.
³ Department of Surgery, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600 China.
⁴ Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China.

Abstract

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with high morbidity/mortality, partly due to a lack of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis. It is important to develop reliable biomarker(s) with specificity, sensitivity and convenience for early diagnosis. The role of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and survival of GC patients are controversial. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) regulates monocytes/macrophages. Elevated MCSF is correlated with invasion, metastasis and poor survival of tumour patients. IL-34, a ligand of the M-CSF receptor, acts as a "twin" to M-CSF, demonstrating overlapping and complimentary actions. IL-34 involvement in tumours is controversial, possibly due to the levels of M-CSF receptors. While the IL-34/M-CSF/M-CSFR axis is very important for regulating macrophage differentiation, the specific interplay between these cytokines, macrophages and tumour development is unclear.

Methods: A multi-factorial evaluation could provide more objective utility, particularly for either prediction and/or prognosis of gastric cancer. Precision medicine requires molecular diagnosis to determine the specifically mutant function of tumours, and is becoming popular in the treatment of malignancy. Therefore, elucidating specific molecular signalling pathways in specific cancers facilitates the success of a precision medicine approach. Gastric cancer tissue arrays were generated from stomach samples with TNM stage, invasion depth and the demography of these patients (n = 185). Using immunohistochemistry/histopathology, M-CSF, IL-34 and macrophages were determined.

Results: We found that IL-34 may serve as a predictive biomarker, but not as an independent, prognostic factor in GC; M-CSF inversely correlated with survival of GC in TNM III-IV subtypes. Increased CD68⁺ TAMs were a good prognostic factor in some cases and could be used as an independent prognostic factor in male T3 stage GC.

Conclusion: Our data support the potency of IL-34, M-CSF, TAMs and the combination of IL-34/TAMs as novel biological markers for GC, and may provide new insight for both diagnosis and cellular therapy of GC.